Journals, books and online sources
How to cite a website, online source or AI output
Cite an online source by author or owner, title, the site’s name, the date it carries, and the URL; add an archived link or a “last visited” date when the page may change.
Software is cited by owner, name and version, so a reader can find the exact release.
12 real examples
Each citation is printed as the book prints it, from an authority the book checked against its source.
Athena Chapekis et al., When Online Content Disappears, Pew Rsch. Ctr. (May 17, 2024), https://www.pewresearch.org/data-labs/2024/05/17/when-online-content-disappears/.
The authority
- When Online Content Disappears (May 17, 2024)Source (pewresearch.org)
Where the book teaches this
Authentication, GovInfo, https://www.govinfo.gov/about/authentication (last visited Oct. 14, 2026).
The authority
- AuthenticationSource (govinfo.gov)
Where the book teaches this
Enforcement Actions, Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Rsrv. Sys. (updated July 28, 2023), https://www.federalreserve.gov/supervisionreg/enforcementactions.htm (archived at https://perma.cc/UVQ4-99ZR).
The authority
- Enforcement Actions (July 28, 2023)Source (federalreserve.gov)
Where the book teaches this
Link rot, Wikipedia (Oct. 1, 2026), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Link_rot&oldid=1377898516.
The authority
- Link rot (Oct. 1, 2026)Source (en.wikipedia.org)
Where the book teaches this
History of UNNJ, Univ. of N. N.J., https://web.archive.org/web/20160312141506/http://www.unnj.edu/history-of-unnj (archived Mar. 12, 2016).
The authority
- History of UNNJ (Mar. 12, 2016)Copy (web.archive.org)
Where the book teaches this
Dr Pepper (@drpepper), Twitter (Jan. 28, 2019, 3:12 PM PST), https://twitter.com/drpepper/status/1090024798133108736.
The authority
- Dr Pepper (@drpepper), Twitter post 1090024798133108736 (Jan. 28, 2019)Source (twitter.com)
Where the book teaches this
Anil Kalhan (@akalhan.bsky.social), Bluesky (Sept. 27, 2025, 9:08 AM EDT), https://bsky.app/profile/akalhan.bsky.social/post/3lzt2hikyd22h.
The authority
- Anil Kalhan (@akalhan.bsky.social), Bluesky post 3lzt2hikyd22h (Sept. 27, 2025)Source (bsky.app)
Where the book teaches this
McMullan Appliance & Mattress (@mcmullanappliance), Laundry sanitizer is BS, TikTok (Dec. 30, 2021), https://www.tiktok.com/@mcmullanappliance/video/7047568196009839877.
The authority
- McMullan Appliance & Mattress (@mcmullanappliance), Laundry sanitizer is BS (Dec. 30, 2021)Source (tiktok.com)
Where the book teaches this
Univ of Northern NJ (@UNorthernNJ), Twitter (Feb. 2, 2015, 5:45 AM PST), https://twitter.com/UNorthernNJ/status/562245302401634304.
The authority
- Univ of Northern NJ (@UNorthernNJ), Twitter post 562245302401634304 (Feb. 2, 2015)Source (twitter.com)
Where the book teaches this
Haw. H.R., FIN Public Hearing - Wed Apr 5, 2023 @ 1:55PM HST, at 3:32:24–3:32:38, YouTube (Apr. 5, 2023), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwDy5fqtzTg (archived at https://perma.cc/62GZ-YJJ8) (statement of Gail M. Abrena-Agas).
The authority
- FIN Public Hearing - Wed Apr 5, 2023 @ 1:55PM HST (Apr. 5, 2023)Source (youtube.com)
Where the book teaches this
Free Law Project, eyecite (version 2.7.8, July 1, 2026), https://github.com/freelawproject/eyecite/tree/v2.7.8.
The authority
- eyecite (version 2.7.8) (July 1, 2026)Source (github.com)
Where the book teaches this
Jack Cushman, Matthew Dahl & Michael Lissner, eyecite: A tool for parsing legal citations, 6 J. Open Source Software 3617 (2021), https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03617.
The authority
- eyecite: A tool for parsing legal citations (Oct. 8, 2021)Source (doi.org)
Where the book teaches this
Where the book teaches this
The full rule, its exceptions and the reasons for it are in these sections.